Thyroid surgery:

Thyroid surgery is performed for a variety of reasons. A nodule or lobe of the thyroid is sometimes removed for biopsy or for the presence of an separately functioning adenoma causing hyperthyroidism. A large greater part of the thyroid may be removed, a subtotal thyroidectomy, to treat the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease, or to remove a goitre that is unsightly or impinges on vital structures. A whole thyroidectomy of the entire thyroid, including associated lymph nodes, is the preferred treatment for thyroid cancer.

Taking away of the bulk of the thyroid gland usually produces hypothyroidism, unless the person takes thyroid hormone substitution. If the thyroid gland must be removed surgically, care must be taken to avoid harm to adjacent structures, the parathyroid glands and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Both are susceptible to accidental removal and/or injury during thyroid surgery. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone needed to maintain adequate amounts of calcium in the blood. Removal results in hypoparathyroidism and a need for supplemental calcium and vitamin D each day.

Science

Science, in the broadest sense, refers to any system of information which attempts to model objective reality, in a way which can be used algorithmically to make real and quantitative predictions about future events and observations. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.[1]

Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:

* Natural sciences, which study natural phenomena, including biological life;
* Social sciences, which study human behavior and societies

Comics

Comics is a form of visual art consisting of images which are commonly combined with text, often in the form of speech balloons or image captions. Originally used to illustrate caricatures and to entertain through the use of amusing and trivial stories, it has by now evolved into a literary medium with many subgenres.

The most common forms of printed comics are comic strips in newspapers and magazines, and longer comic stories in comic books, graphic novels and comic albums. In the first two forms the comics are secondary material usually confined to the entertainment sections, while the latter consist either entirely or primarily of comics.Depending on the definition of the term, the origin of comics can be traced back to 15th century Europe or even as far as to Egyptian hieroglyphs.However, today's form of comics,as well as the term comics itself, originated in the late 19th century.